The 'Weber" name leaves plenty to wonder about ...

Weber County, as seen from Mt. Ogden, with Taylor Arave sitting on copter pad.

By Lynn Arave

A county's name is, naturally, the first element in any identification. The sources of the names for most of Utah's 29 counties are clear cut, ranging from descriptions of the regions or their inhabitants to memorials to specific individuals.

However, the origins of a few are in a bit of dispute, and one - "Weber" - is extremely obscure. 

Only in recent decades has new evidence seemed to clarify the story behind the county's name. Weber County school students have over the years learned next to nothing about the background for the county's name, with history lessons jumping quickly ahead to tales about trappers and traders like Peter Skene Ogden and Miles Goodyear.

Where did Weber County's name originate? Consider these theories:

- The book "Utah Place Names" indicates the name probably came from John W. Weber, a trapper killed by Indians near today's Weber River in 1823.

- The Weber River and Weber County could have been named for another trapper, Pauline Weaver, who became a frontiersman in Arizona, according to "Weber County . . . Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow." The name Weaver was corrupted to Weber. The book also refers to the story of John Weber, indicating he was killed by Indians near the river in the winter of 1828-29.

                          The Weber County sign in Weber Canyon.

- Some have suggested the name came from a member of Peter Skene Ogden's trapping party. However, Weber is a not a French-Canadian name. So, it may be Capt. John G. Weber of Danish nativity who is the namesake. He is said to have died in 1859 in Bellevue, Ill., according to an undated historical sketch of Weber County.

- John H. Weber was in the Ogden area from 1822-27 and discovered the Great Salt Lake, Weber Canyon and the Weber River, summarizes the book "Beneath Ben Lomond's Peak."

- Weber County, says "A History of Ogden," was named for Capt. John B. Weber, who was with trappers in the area until 1827. He died in Iowa in 1859.

- Several other books, such as "Utah: A Guide to the State" and "Ogden: Junction City," simply state the river and county were named for "Capt. Weber." John G. is listed in the first of those books; John H. is named in the second.

So what's the most plausible story behind the name?

The late William W. Terry, an Ogden historian now in his 90s, spent many years sorting out the facts. He came up with this:

John H. Weber (note the middle initial) was born in Altona, near Hamburg, then a part of Denmark. He joined the William Henry Ashley trapping party in 1822. Weber was described as a large man, with a nose like a Roman emperor and eyes like an eagle. But he was also said to be very moody, as well as brash.

The Ashley party eventually split in two, and Weber led one group, with Jim Bridger also belonging to it for a while.

In the fall of 1824, Weber, then 44 and much older than most mountain men, likely discovered Bear Lake. In the winter of 1824 he took his group along what is today's Weber River to the Great Salt Lake, reaching it almost six months before Peter Skene Ogden.

Bridger had discovered the Great Salt Lake the preceding summer, and Weber and his party trapped on the Weber and Ogden rivers for about six months.

The trappers called the larger river the Weber, in honor of their leader. When Ogden arrived on the scene, the river was already known as the Weber (or some times "Weaver" river.)

Weber went east in 1827. Although he had earned $20,000 trapping - a small fortune in that day - dishonest partners apparently swindled him out of his money. He died in 1857 at age 78. Weber is buried in the Bellevue, Iowa, cemetery. Terry visited the community and found Weber's grave to prove Indians didn't kill him at the river named in his honor.

Terry also discovered that some of the men in the Ashley-Henry trapping group were the ones who misspelled the name Weber as "Weaver." Hence some of the confusion over the name.

Today Weber is a prominent name in the area, with Weber State University making it nationally known - though it is often incorrectly pronounced "Webber" outside of Utah.

-- HERE are the stories behind the names of Utah's 28 other counties:

Beaver County: Recognizes the plentiful beaver in the area.Box Elder: Box Elder trees east of Brigham City apparently lent their name.

Cache County: First called Willow Valley by a trapper. Also referred to as Logan's Hole in memory of Ephraim Logan, who was killed near Jackson, Wyo., by Indians in the mid-1820s. The Cache name is said to have been applied after a trapper, employed by the Rocky Mountain Fur Co., was killed during a cave-in while excavating for stashed furs (caches).

Carbon County: Named for coal deposits in the area.

Daggett County: Ellsworth Daggett is the source of the county's name. The first Utah surveyor general, he surveyed an irrigation canal in the county.

Davis County: Named for Daniel C. Davis, a captain in the Mormon Batalion, who died in 1850.

Duchesne County: The source of the name is uncertain. The word supposedly came from the Duchesne River, but before 1875 the river was known as the Uinta River. So, there are six other possibilities: 1. Du Chasne, possibly an 1830s French trapper in the area; 2. an early Indian chief in the region; 3. Rose Du Chesne, founder of the Society of the Sacred Heart in America; 4. Fort Duquesne, built by the French in 1754 in what became Pittsburgh, Penn.; 5. the Ute Indian word,"doo-shane," meaning dark canyon; 6. Andre Duchense, French geographer and historian.

Emery County: Named for George W. Emery of Tennessee, who was appointed governor of Utah Territory in 1875. (Some residents wanted to name it Castle County.)

Garfield County: Received its name in 1892 in honor of U.S. President James A. Garfield, who was assassinated in 1881.

Grand County: Established in 1890 and named for the Grand or Grande River, now the upper Colorado River in the area. It was in 1921 that the name "Colorado" was extended upriver beyond the confluence with the Green.

Iron County: Originally called Little Salt Lake Valley County, the name was later changed to Iron County as a reminder of the iron mines west of Cedar City, which was the Mormon Iron Mission.

Juab County: The name comes from what Indians called the valley, apparently meaning level plain or flat. Another variation of the word is said to mean thirsty valley.

Kane County: Named for Col. Thomas L. Kane, friend of the Mormon settlers.

Piute County: Recognizes the Piute, or Paiute, Indians who inhabited the region.

Millard County: Honors U.S. President Millard Fillmore.

Morgan County: Jedediah Morgan Grant, father of LDS President Heber J. Grant, is the source of the name.

Rich County: Originally created as Richland County, the name was later shortened to Rich. The name came from Charles C. Rich, an early Mormon apostle and prominent settler in the Bear Lake region.

Salt Lake County: Named for the nearby Great Salt Lake.

San Juan County: There's a slight dispute on this county's name origin. Most credit it to the San Juan River, in turn named for one of two early Spanish explorers in the area. Both Don Juan de Onate and Don Juan Maria de Rivera are credited as sources for the river's name.

Sanpete County: The name is a variation of San Pitch, who was a Ute Indian chief who lived in the area.

Sevier County: Named for the Sevier River. The name is a variation of Rio Severo, a Spanish word meaning severe and violent. The river also had other names, such as the Ashley River. Some incorrectly believe the county was named for Brigadier Gen. John Sevier of Kentucky.

Summit County: This name came from the county's high country. Summit encompasses 39 of the state's tallest named peaks - the most of any county in Utah. (Second is Duchesne, with 28, but Duchesne also has Kings Peak, the state's tallest at 13,528 feet above sea level.)

Tooele County: Spelled "Tuilla" at first and later changed. The origin is a subject of dispute. Some believe it came from a Goshute Indian chief named Tuilla. Others say the word refers to the rushes and weeds so common in swampy areas of the valley.

Uintah County: Named for the Ute Indian tribe that lives in the basin. Early maps put an "H" on the end of the word. John Wesley Powell left the H off in his writings, and as a result both variations are in use.

Utah County: Apparently Anglicized from "Yuta," which is what the Spanish explorers called the Ute Indians. The name probably means meat eaters.

Wasatch County: A Ute Indian word meaning "mountain pass" or "low place in a high mountain." This Ute word was a general reference to Weber Canyon, the lowest cut in the Wasatch Mountains.

Washington County: Named in honor of George Washington, the first U.S. president.

Wayne County: Supposedly named for Wayne Robinson, son of state legislator Willis E. Robinson. A counterclaim for the name's origin indicates it honors Revolutionary War Gen. Anthony Wayne.

(-Distilled from an article by Lynn Arave, Jan. 5, 1996, in the Deseret News.)

Utah -- A pretty crooked state -- Boundary-wise!

By Lynn Arave

UTAH has been called a "pretty, great state." Surprisingly it's a "pretty crooked state," too. And we're not talking crime, but the state's deceptively tidy shape.

Minus the distinctive notch in its northeast corner, Utah is commonly thought of as a perfect rectangle. However, those fourth-grade Utah history students are drawing it all wrong with straight lines.In fact, if the borders had been drawn straight - as intended - some Idaho border towns, like Franklin, might straddle the state line. At least one other community, Strevell - now a ghost town - would definitely have been in Utah.

Also, the state would be somewhat larger, maybe several hundred acres bigger, because of land that ended up in Idaho, Colorado or Wyoming.

Utah's true borders contain at least seven crooked spots that are considered "pretty" crooked by mapmaking standards, though perhaps only "slightly" irregular by public perceptions.

These irregularities vary from as small as a quarter of a mile off the true mark to almost a mile in error.

Looking closely at the official Utah State Highway Map, two of the irregularities can be spotted. On the small statewide map on the cover of the Utah Atlas & Gazetteer, a third crooked spot can be seen.

With the Gazetteer's detailed topographical maps, three more crooked locations can be readily seen. The seventh error stands out most on the Bureau of Land Management's overall state map.

Three of the irregularities involve a meandering line, while three others look like notches and the seventh resembles a hump. (See story above.)

                                         Four Corners monument.

Were these six crooked spots meant to be there?

"They're survey errors that were made when the state boundaries were laid out," said Gary Nebeker, chief of operations for the Salt Lake office of the U.S. Geological Survey Center.

The Salt Lake office of the Bureau of Land Management is the caretaker of the original survey documents made on the Utah state line boundaries. It agrees on the cause for the crooked lines.

"It was primarily survey errors," said Daniel W. Webb, chief cadastral surveyor for the BLM in Salt Lake City.

He said surveyors in the late 1800s had crude instruments and pulled 66-foot-long chains for measurements.

A colleague of Webb, Dave Cook, is a cartographer with almost 40 years of map experience with the BLM and the National Weather Service.

After several hours of examining the original, 100-plus-year-old diaries of the different federal surveyors, he could find no apparent reasons for their mistakes.

Cook speculated that surveyors were paid by the mile, so they were in a hurry. If they made a mistake - even if they knew it - they weren't likely to go back and redo it.

Survey crews traveled in parties of one to two dozen men and suffered harsh conditions on Utah's rugged borders in the 1870s and 1880s. Rocks and wooden posts were the common markers left by survey parties. They theoretically put markers every mile along state boundaries, though obviously some are missing more than a century later.

Cook said the sad thing is that we live with these mistakes. Longtime federal laws make states rely on existing survey monuments for borders, whether they are in the right place or not.

"Monuments prevail," he stressed.

Those laws have been challenged by various courts over the years and have always been upheld.

Even with exact location technology available with orbiting satellites, no federal entity has the time or money to correct such errors, according to Webb.

At best, small adjustments may be made as specific landownership issues are raised.

Since Utah's borders are crooked, so are those in the adjoining states of Idaho, Wyoming and Colorado. Cook believes many other states probably have similar boundary problems. For example, the same surveyor who made at least three mistakes across the Utah-Idaho border also kept going west to the Pacific Ocean.

Checking detailed Oregon maps, he made at least four similar mistakes along its southern border with California.

(-Distilled from an article by Lynn Arave, July 26, 1998, in the Deseret News.)

-NOTE: The author, Lynn Arave, is available to speak to groups, clubs, classes or other organizations about Utah history at no charge. He can be contacted by email at: lynnarave@comcast.net  

At least 17 lakes misidentified in the High Uintas

  Mirror Lake, High Uintas, is named correctly, but many other lakes are not.

MAPS are one of the last places you'd expect to find misspellings and inaccuracies. However these source materials aren't always as precise as you hope them to be. Case in point - at least a dozen lakes on the west side of the High Uintas are identified incorrectly on most maps, according to two former summer residents of the area.

John "Jack" Clegg, of Provo and his sister, Patricia C. Christiansen-Burke of Heber City, would both like to set the record straight and get these lakes listed accurately on maps - especially before the origin of some of the names might fade away.

"I think they should be looked at," Clegg said of the map errors.

Clegg's father, "Cardie" spent 56 years working for a union of all irrigation companies having reservoirs on the upper Provo River watershed.

Cardie named at least 17 of the area's lakes himself. Growing up, John Clegg and his sister, Pat, spent many summers working with his father, near Trial Lake.

"Places needed names and there weren't any," Clegg said of the Trial Lake area when his father began working there. "He had no plans to enshrine his friends or relatives (in the naming process)."

Clegg said names were critically needed to help people get around the area and that his father did his best at creating some of those titles.

He said most errors in lake names crept in during the map transcribing process.

                     There are hundreds of lakes in the High Uintas.

One of the most unusual of misspellings is the prominent Blizzard Lake, just south of Bald Mountain Pass. Although it does seem appropriate for a snowstorm name in a high-altitude land where white moisture can fall from the sky in almost any month of the year, blizzard is not accurate for the lake's name.

Clegg said it was originally named Blazzard Lake, after a pioneer family in Kamas that still owns a lumber yard there. Map errors have repeated themselves over the years.

Traipsing around with Clegg and his sister in the Trial Lake area of the Uintas provided a firsthand account at the inaccuracy of some lake names.

Visiting officially named Azure and Rock lakes shows why the names should be reversed.

Located less that 100 yards from each other, the eastern lake - Azure - is actually the one with rocks all around it and even a few large boulders cropping up in the water. Rock Lake to the west, meanwhile, has grasses growing all around it and is partially surrounded by pine trees.

Clegg said this misnamed Rock Lake is the true Azure Lake because of the poignant sky-blue color it assumes under a clear sky.

A visit to so-called Hourglass Lake also proves it is inaccurately named. Circling the lake, there's no hourglass shape visible. However, a spectacle (eyeglasses) shape does exist and that was its original name - Spectacle Lake.

             Mirror Lake, as seen from near the top of Bald Mountain's summit.

Still another wrong name involves Adax Lake, located three miles north of Long Mountain. Sometime at least after 1964, maps started spelling the name from its original Adix form. It was named for Vern Adix, son-in-law of Cardie Clegg, who planted the first fish in the lake.

Yet another misspelling comes with Rhoads Lake. It was originally called Rhodes Lakes, after Ollie L. Rhodes, a friend of Cardie Clegg and poet who featured the Uintas in his writings.

One lake name change that's actually been good is Fire Lake, located west of Trial Lake. Clegg said it was originally "North Fork No. 5." Somehow Five was twisted to Fire.

"That's OK," Clegg said. "That adds a little charm. But it leaves `No. 1 Junior' to the north of `No. 5' with no meaning."

Besides some lakes having wrong names, different maps - Forest Service, U.S. Geological, etc. - don't always use the same title for lakes in the high Uintas. But that's another story.

--Additional Information

The misidentified:

Wrong Name/Original Name

Adax Lake Adix Lake

Azure Lake Rock Lake

Beaver Lake Duck Lake

Blizzard Lake Blazzard Lake

Duck Lake N. Fork No. 6 Lake

Fire Lake North Fork No. 5

Petit Lake Petite Lake

Rhoads Lake Rhodes Lake

Rock Lake Azure Lake

Twin Lakes Lower Twin Lake

Twin Lakes Upper Twin Lake

(-All photographs by Roger Arave.)

(-Distilled from an article by Lynn Arave in the Deseret News, Oct. 27, 1997.)

-NOTE: The author, Lynn Arave, is available to speak to groups, clubs, classes or other organizations about Utah history at no charge. He can be contacted by email at: lynnarave@comcast.net  

Salt Lake's Majestic Landmarks of the Wasatch Mountains

THE most striking geographical features in Salt Lake County are the Wasatch Mountains on the east side of the valley.

Rising sharply 7,000 feet above the valley floor, the Wasatch Mountains create natural landmarks in Salt Lake County. (The Oquirrh Mountains dominate the west side of the valley.)

We take these mountains for granted, and while we may enjoy their inspiring, majestic beauty, their place as natural directional landmarks may not be appreciated until we visit a region that is flat.

(See the photos below for the peak/canyon names of S.L. mountains.)

"When I drive through Kansas or Nebraska, I wonder how people know where they're going" Dale J. Green, a past president of the Wasatch Mountain Club, said.

Green started hiking the Wasatch Mountains in 1953 and believes he may have hiked almost every trail in Salt Lake County. He said his favorite peak is the "Pfeifferhorn," not visible from most of the Salt Lake Valley but located between American Fork Twin Peaks and Lone Peak on the south side of Little Cottonwood Canyon.

Charles L. Keller is another longtime Salt Lake hiker who is wrote a book on the Wasatch Mountains, "The Lady in the Ore Bucket."

"They're my church," Keller said of the Wasatch Mountains. "I've spent the last 40 years trampling over them."

He especially loves Little and Big Cottonwood canyons and Mill Creek Canyon. His favorite hike is up Kessler Peak.

"It's steep, and there's no easy way up," he said.

Keller agrees it is too easy for Salt Lakers to take these mountains for granted.

These mountains are home to many animals, offer year-round recreational activities and are important watersheds — a critical factor each year.

The Wasatch Mountains are also the reason we have substantial water in the Salt Lake area.

"They're the main source of water for Salt Lake," said Brian McInerney, a hydrologist with the Salt Lake office of the National Weather Service.

Without the mountains, the storms would just keep moving by without raining or snowing here, and there would be neither the snowpack to fill the reservoirs nor the recharging of groundwater supplies.

McInerney said mountains substantially change how air circulates in the area.

Perhaps the most dramatic view of Salt Lake's segment of the Wasatch Mountains can be enjoyed from near the north end of Beck Street. Here, the peaks all seem compacted together, rising sharply above the city's downtown skyline.

What's the tallest peak in Salt Lake County? How many names of the peak do you know? Where did the peak names originate?

The Twin Peaks (11,489 and 11,433 feet above sea level) are the tallest summits in Salt Lake County, but where are they located? Could you point out Mount Olympus, Farnsworth, Lone Peak or Wire Mountain? You probably know where Little and Big Cottonwood canyons, Mill Creek and Parleys canyons are, yet could you pinpoint Bells, Ferguson or Heughs canyons?

One of the most surprising things about the names of Salt Lake County mountain peaks is the repetition of Twin Peaks. There are no less than three sets of Twin Peaks in the Salt Lake section of the Wasatch Mountains listed on maps. Don't get lost or in trouble on one of these peaks, because who will know which one you're on? (You would think a name like "Double Peaks" or "Dual Peaks" would have been used instead of Twin Peaks three times.)

The "Broads Fork" Twin Peaks are perhaps the most 

noticeable of the three Twins in Salt Lake County. They also 

contain the Twin Peaks Wilderness Area and are located 

more near the center of the Salt Lake Valley than the other 

"Twins."

(-Distilled from an article in the Deseret News, by Lynn Arave, on Aug. 2, 2001.)


THE NAMES of SALT LAKE COUNTY'S MOUNTAIN 

PEAKS, from north to south --- below

                                      Photographs by Scott Winterton

-NOTE: The author, Lynn Arave, is available to speak to groups, clubs, classes or other organizations about Utah history at no charge. He can be contacted by email at: lynnarave@comcast.net  

The riddle behind Utah's name

What's in a name?

Plenty if you're talking about "Utah," because there's considerable disagreement in history and reference books regarding the original meaning of the name for America's 45th state. This is one topic where the record would best be set straight before the state's centennial in 1996.

Consult five different history books, and you'll likely receive five variations on the meaning of the word Utah.

Two of the more common meanings ascribed to the word are "top of the mountains" and "people of the mountains."

You'd think if anyone has the definitive answer on what the name Utah really means, it should be members of the Ute Indian Tribe. But according to Larry Cesspooch, public relations director for the audio/visual department of the Ute Tribe in Fort Duchesne, the Utes don't even have such a word in their language.

He said Utah - Anglicized from "Yuta" -- is what the Spanish called the Utes, and his research indicates it meant "meat eaters." Cesspooch has used this explanation in various public presentations, and he said he's never been challenged on it.

The Ute name for themselves as a people is "Noochee" -- meaning "the people," Cesspooch said.

Of the many books written about Ute Indians, few have come from tribe members themselves. However, Fred A Conetah, a Ute born in Fort Duchesne, wrote "A History of the Northern Ute People." His account agrees with Cesspooch that the Utes own name for themselves is "Noochee."

Conetah, who died in 1980, stated that Spanish writers also referred to the Utes as "Quasutas," a for of the word Yutas. This word apparently referred to all Indians who spoke a Shoshonean dialect.

One of the most recent books written on the subject -- "Utes, The Mountain People" -- was published by Jan Pettit in 1990. This book says Utah's name comes from the Ute word "Yutas," also said to mean "the people."

Pettit also uses the word "mountain" in the title of her book because, she says, the neighboring Pueblo Indians referred to the Utes as "the mountain people."

W.H. Jackson, a photographer on the U.S. Geological Survey expedition to Utah in 1877, recorded an interesting description of the Utes. He reported: "The Utah, Yutas or Utas, as the name is variously written, occupy the mountainous portion of Colorado with parts of Utah, New Mexico and Nevada. Those living in the mountains where game abounds have a fine physical development, are brave and hardy and comparatively well to do."

So where did the "top of the mountains" reference to the Utes name originate?

It is likely a "Mormonization" of Ute Tribe references to mountains and may have had its beginning in a verse in the Old Testament -- Isaiah 2:2:

"And it shall come to pass in the last days, that the mountain of the Lord's house shall be established in the top of the mountains, and shall be exalted above the hills; and all nations shall flow unto it."

The completion of the Salt Lake Temple at least partially fulfilled that prophecy for many members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

It's also amazing how many Utah history books skim over the origin of the stat's name. Most provide ample detail of the meaning of Deseret -- the original name provided for the territory and state -- but usually provide only limited details about "Utah" itself.

Spanish spellings of the word Utah also vary considerably.

Here are a few of the published references to Utah and the Ute Indians -- none of which is entirely correct or complete: The "Utah Place Names" book by John W. Van Cott (1990) states only that the word Utah was taken from native Ute Indians. It includes information about the name "Deseret," but nothing else on the origins of the word "Utah."

• "'Utes,' a term meaning 'upper people' or 'hill dwellers.' Early journals spelled the name a number of different ways, including Yuta, Eutaw, Utah, etc. Yuta was Anglicized to Utah." -- From a 1954 publication by the Daughters of Utah Pioneers.
• "The word 'Utah' means 'top of the mountains' and is derived from the Ute Indian language." --From a Utah tourist brochure dated June 1955.
• "The word 'Utah originated with the people inhabiting that region..of the Utah nation, which belongs to the Shoshone family. There were many tribes...There were the Pah Utes...and many others. Pah signifies water. ...Pah Utes, Indians that live about the water." --from Hubert H. Bancroft's "History of Utah." published in 1964.
• "Utah comes from the Ute tribe and means 'people of the mountains." --From the Information Please 1994 almanac.
• "Utah -- from a Navajo word meaning upper, or higher up, as applied to a Shoshone tribe called Ute. Spanish form is Yutta. English is Uta or Utah." --From The 1979 World Almanac and Book of Facts.
• "Ouray -- Chief of the Utes," a book by P. David Smith, refers to the Utes by a white man's nickname -- "The Blue Sky People." It spells the word "Yutahs" and states that the word refers to the Utes as people who speak clearly.
• "People of the Shining Mountains," by Charles S. Marsh, is titled after the nickname the Utes had for their own territory. This book spells the original Utah word from the Spanish "yuutaa."
• The book "American Indians of the Southwest," by Bertha P. Dutton, says the Utes called themselves "Nunt'z" a term that means "The people."
• An article in the January 1928 Utah Historical Quarterly says "Utah" was originally spelled "Ute-ahs," "Uintas," or ""Wa-tue-weap-ah-ute-ah," is said to mean "lad or country of the Utes."

23 state names stem from words of Indians

Indian words are among the most popular sources for the naming of states -- at least 23 owe their names to such words.

Of course, American Indians already had pretty much everything named by the time the white explorers and settlers arrived on the continent, and so a lot of renaming took place.

As with the origin of Utah's name, Idaho's is in dispute. By one source, the name Idaho is a coined word with an invented Indian meaning '' "gem of the mountains." The name was supposedly originally given to Pike's Peak mining territory in Colorado, then applied to this newer mining area of the Pacific Northwest. Other sources claim there is no clear cut knowledge where Idaho's name comes from.

Utah Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona encompass may places and features named after the Utes, but Utah's state name is the most prominent of all. here are the brief origins of three other Western state names:

• Montana is a latinized Spanish word for "mountainous."
• The origin of the name "Oregon" is unknown, but it apparently came from the writings of English army officers.
• "Nevada" is a Spanish term meaning "snowcapped."

(-From the Deseret News, by Lynn Arave, July 10, 1994.)

-NOTE: The author, Lynn Arave, is available to speak to groups, clubs, classes or other organizations about Utah history at no charge. He can be contacted by email at: lynnarave@comcast.net